Instagram is a photo and video-sharing
social networking service owned by Facebook, Inc. It was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger, and launched in October 2010
exclusively on iOS. A version for Android
devices was released a year later, in April 2012, followed by a feature-limited
website interface in November 2012, and apps for Windows 10 Mobile and Windows 10 in April 2016 and October 2016
respectively.
The app
allows users to upload photos and videos to the service, which can be edited
with various filters, and organized with tags
and location information. An account's posts can be shared publicly or with
pre-approved followers. Users can browse other users' content by tags and
locations, and view trending content. Users can "like"
photos, and follow other users to add their content to a feed.
The service was originally
distinguished by only allowing content to be framed in a square (1:1) aspect ratio, but these restrictions were eased in 2015. The service
also added messaging features, the ability to include multiple images or videos
in a single post, as well as "Stories"—similar to its main competitor
Snapchat—which
allows users to post photos and videos to a sequential feed, with each post
accessible by others for 24 hours each.
After its launch in 2010, Instagram
rapidly gained popularity, with one million registered users in two months,
10 million in a year, and ultimately 800 million as of September
2017. In April 2012, Facebook acquired the service for approximately US$1 billion in cash and stock. As of October 2015,
over 40 billion photos have been uploaded to the service. Although praised for
its influence, Instagram has been the subject of criticism, most notably for
policy and interface changes, allegations of censorship, and illegal or improper
content uploaded by users.
Content
|
I.
History
|
II.
Features
and tools
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III.
User
characteristics and behavior
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IV.
Censorship
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V.
Awards
|
History
The login and sign-up screen for the
Instagram app on the iPhone as of April 2016
Instagram began development in San Francisco,
when Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger
chose to focus their multi-featured HTML5 check-in project, Burbn, on
mobile photography. As Krieger reasoned, Burbn became too similar to Foursquare,
and both realized that it had gone too far. Burbn was then pivoted to become
more focused on photo-sharing. The word Instagram is a portmanteau of instant camera and telegram.
On March 5, 2010, Systrom closed a
$500,000 seed funding round with Baseline Ventures and Andreessen Horowitz while working on Burbn. Josh Riedel joined the company in
October as Community Manager, Shayne Sweeney joined in November as an engineer,
and Jessica Zollman joined as a Community Evangelist in August 2011.
Kevin Systrom posted the first photo
to Instagram on July 16, 2010. The photo shows a dog in Mexico and Systrom's
girlfriend's foot; the photo has been enhanced using Instagram's X-PRO2 filter.
In February 2011, it was reported
that Instagram had raised $7 million in Series A
funding from a variety of investors, including Benchmark Capital, Jack Dorsey, Chris Sacca (through Capital fund), and Adam D'Angelo.
The deal valued Instagram at around $20 million.
On April 3, 2012, Instagram was
released for Android phones, and it was downloaded more than one million times
in less than one day.
In March 2012, The
Wall Street Journal reported
that Instagram was raising a new round of financing that would value the
company at $500 million, details that were confirmed the following month,
when Instagram raised $50 million from venture capitalists with a
$500 million valuation. The same month, Facebook bought Instagram for
$1 billion in cash and stock, with a plan to keep the company
independently managed. Britain's Office of Fair Trading approved the deal on August 14, 2012 and on August 22,
2012, the Federal
Trade Commission in the U.S. closed its
investigation, allowing the deal to proceed. On September 6, 2012, the deal
between Instagram and Facebook was officially closed.
The deal, which was made just prior
to Facebook's scheduled IPO, cost about a quarter of Facebook's cash-on-hand,
according to figures documented at the end of 2011. The deal was for a company
characterized as having "lots of buzz
but no business model", and the price was contrasted with the
$35 million Yahoo! paid for Flickr
in 2005.[30]
Mark Zuckerberg noted that Facebook was "committed to building and
growing Instagram independently", in contrast to its past practices.
According to Wired, the deal netted Systrom $400 million based on his
ownership stake in the business.[34]
The exact purchase price was $300 million in cash and 23 million shares of
stock.[35]
In November 2012, Instagram launched
website profiles, allowing anyone to see users' feeds from their web browsers.
However, the website interface was limited in functionality, with notable
omissions including the lack of a search bar, a news feed, and the ability to
upload photos.[36]
In February 2013, the website was updated to offer a news feed. and in June
2015, the website was redesigned to offer bigger photos.
On October 22, 2013, during the Nokia World event held in Abu Dhabi,
Systrom confirmed the upcoming release of the official Instagram app for
Windows Phone,[40]
after pressure from Nokia and the public to develop an app for the platform.
The app was released as a beta version
on November 21, 2013, and was lacking the ability to record and upload video,
though an Instagram spokesperson stated that "We're not finished, and our
team will continue developing the Windows Phone app to keep releasing features
and bringing you the best Instagram possible". In April 2016, Instagram
upgraded the app to Windows 10 Mobile, adding support for video and direct messages, followed by
later updates in October 2016 that extended the app to Windows 10
personal computers and tablets.
The Android app has received two
major exclusive updates. The first, introduced in March 2014, cut the size of
the app by half and added significant improvements to performance and
responsiveness on a wide variety of Android devices. The Verge
wrote that the development team had tested the app on devices not for sale in
the United States, particularly low-end models like Samsung Galaxy Y, in an effort to improve the app for its userbase located
outside the U.S. Engineering manager Philip McAllister told The Verge
that "More than 60 percent of our users are outside the US, and Android
covers roughly half of total Instagram users". The second update,
introduced in April 2017, added an offline mode, in which content previously
loaded in the news feed is available without an Internet connection, and users
can comment, like, save media, and unfollow users, all of which will take
effect once the user goes back online. At the time of the announcement, it was
reported that 80% of Instagram's 600 million users are located outside the
U.S., and while the aforementioned functionality was live at announcement,
Instagram also announced its intention to make more features available offline
"in the following months", and that they were "exploring an iOS
version".
Since the app's launch it had used
the Foursquare API technology to provide named location tagging. In March
2014, Instagram started testing switching the technology to using Facebook Places.
Announced in March 2016 and taking
place in June, Instagram switched from a strictly chronological
oldest-to-newest news feed to a new, algorithm-based feed. The change received
"widespread outcry" following Instagram's March announcement, but
Instagram stated that the feature would help users discover lost posts, writing
that "You may be surprised to learn that people miss on average
70 percent of their feeds. As Instagram has grown, it's become harder to
keep up with all the photos and videos people share. This means you often don't
see the posts you might care about the most. To improve your experience, your
feed will soon be ordered to show the moments we believe you will care about
the most."
On May 11, 2016, Instagram revamped
its design, adding a black-and-white theme for the app and a more abstract,
"modern" and colorful icon. Rumors of a redesign first started
circulating in April, when The Verge received a screenshot from a
tipster, but at the time, an Instagram spokesperson simply told the publication
that "This is a design test only".
Features and tools
An original photograph (left) is
automatically cropped to a square by Instagram, and has a filter added at the
selection of the user (right)
A photo collage of an unprocessed
image (top left) modified with the 16 different Instagram filters available in 2011
nearby Users can upload photographs
and short videos, follow other users' feeds, and geotag
images with the name of a location. Users can set their account as
"private", thereby requiring that they approve any new follower
requests Users can connect their
Instagram account to other social networking sites, enabling them to share
uploaded photos to those sites. In January 2011, Instagram introduced hashtags
to help users discover both photos and each other. Instagram encourages users
to make tags both specific and relevant, rather than tagging generic words like
"photo", to make photographs stand out and to attract like-minded
Instagram users. In September 2011, a new version of the app included new and
live filters, instant tilt–shift, high-resolution photographs, optional borders, one-click
rotation, and an updated icon. In August 2015, Instagram started allowing users
to upload full-size landscape and portrait photos and videos onto the service,
dropping the previous requirement of a square frame. In August 2016, Instagram
added a zoom feature that allows users to pinch-to-zoom the screen to virtually
zoom in on photos and videos. In September 2016, Instagram removed Photo Maps,
which previously allowed users to see a map of their geotagged photos. An
Instagram spokesperson stated that "Photo Map was not widely used, so
we've decided to remove the feature and focus on other priorities".
In December 2016, Instagram introduced a
feature letting users save photos for later viewing. Bookmarked posts get added
to a private page in the app. The feature was updated in April 2017 to let
users organize saved posts into different collections.
In February 2017, Instagram announced
that users would be able to upload up to ten pictures or videos to one post,
with the content appearing as a swipeable carousel. The feature originally
limited photos to the square format, but received an update in August to enable
portrait and landscape photos instead. In May, Instagram updated its mobile
website to allow users to upload photos, and to add a "lightweight"
version of the Explore tab. Later in May, Instagram added an
"Archive" feature, letting users hide posts in a private storage area,
out of visibility for the public and other users. The move was seen as a way to
prevent users from deleting photos that don't garner a desired number of
"likes" or are deemed boring, but also as a way to limit the
"emergent behavior" of deleting photos, which deprives the service of
content. In August, Instagram announced that it would start organizing comments
into threads, letting users more easily interact with replies. In April 2018,
Instagram launched its version of a portrait mode called "focus mode,"
which gently blurs the background of a photo or video while keeping the subject
in focus when selected.
User engagement
Ongoing research continues to
explore how media content on the platform affects user engagement. Past
research has found that media which show peoples’ faces receive more ‘likes’
and comments and that using filters that increase warmth, exposure, and contrast
also boosts engagement. Users are more likely to engage with images that depict
fewer individuals compared to groups and also are more likely to engage with
content that has not been watermarked, as they view this content as less
original and reliable compared to user-generated content.
Trends
Users on Instagram have created
"trends" through hashtags,
which are specific keywords combined with a hash symbol
that lets them share content with other Instagram users. The trends deemed the
most popular on the platform often highlight a specific day of the week to post
the material on. Examples of popular trends include #SelfieSunday, in which
users post a photo of their faces on Sundays; #MotivationMonday, in which users
post motivational photos on Mondays; #TransformationTuesday, in which users
post photos highlighting differences from the past to the present; #WomanCrushWednesday,
in which users post photos of women they have a romantic interest in or view
favorably, as well as its #ManCrushMonday counterpart centered on men; and
#ThrowbackThursday, in which users post a photo from their past, highlighting a
particular moment.
In December 2017, The Verge reported that Instagram would let
users press "Follow" on a hashtag, thereby seeing relevant highlights
of the topic in their feeds.
Censorship
Censorship of Instagram has occurred
in several different countries.
China
See also: Internet
censorship in China
Instagram has been blocked by China
following the 2014 Hong Kong protests because a lot of videos and photos are posted. Hong Kong
and Macau was not affected as it is a special administrative region of China.
Turkey
Turkey is also known for its strict
internet censorship and periodically blocks social media including Instagram.
North
Korea
See also: Internet in North Korea
A few days after a fire incident
that happened in the Koryo Hotel of North Korea in June 11, 2015, authorities has begun to
block Instagram to prevent photos of the incident being spread out.
Awards
Instagram was the runner-up for
"Best Mobile App" at the 2010 TechCrunch Crunchies in January 2011. In May
2011, Fast Company listed CEO Kevin Systrom at number 66 in "The 100 Most
Creative People in Business in 2011". In June 2011, Inc. included co-founders Systrom and
Krieger in its 2011 "30 Under 30" list.
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